A comparative review of the adsorption efficiency and performance variances of metal oxide nanoparticles and pristine carbon nanotubes for Pb2+ sequestration

under comparable conditions. This performance is linked to the abundance of chemically active surface sites and electrostatic interactions, which dominate adsorption on MONPs. Desorption studies confirm both materials are reusable over multiple cycles, though MONPs demonstrate higher regeneration efficiency and lower toxicity. Overall, MONPs present more scalable and eco-friendly alternatives for Pb²⁺ remediation. Future research should refine regeneration strategies, assess environmental safety, and develop hybrid systems for sustainable water treatment.