Time Field Theory (TFT): Axiomatic Foundation, Dynamics and Classical Gravitational Tests

Based on the framework of flat three-dimensional Euclidean space, this paper constructs a self-consistent scalar time field gravitational theory (TFT) taking the local intrinsic total speed conservation as the first principle axiom. Without additional ad hoc assumptions or artificial patches, this paper strictly derives from the axiom system the definition of time field, covariant field equation, exact analytical solution of static spherically symmetric field, particle dynamic equation and variational principle. Complete derivations are successively presented for gravitational time dilation, gravitational light deflection, Mercury perihelion precession and GPS atomic clock spacetime correction. The weak field limit strictly recovers the Newtonian gravitational limit. The theory maintains full mathematical self-consistency and logical closure throughout, without spacetime curvature or geometric singularity. All classical gravitational tests and satellite clock correction effects are in high agreement with astronomical observations and engineering measurements, possessing inherent potential for quantization expansion.