Performance Evaluation of Ecological Protection and Restoration Projects Based on the Nature-based solutions Global Standard and Multi-source Data Fusion

By combining nature-based solutions (NbS) global standards and Chinese engineering management paradigm, in this paper, we summarize the key points of the NbS criterion system in China's project management process.Integrating multi-source data (satellite remote sensing, project lifecycle governance checklist, social sensing, and ground-based sensing), we established a multi-level performance system for ecological protection and restoration projects under a Decision-making-Management-Output-Effectiveness framework.Validation using 140 national pilot projects in the Qilian Mountain area showed that the multi-source data evaluation system can effectively support performance assessment, monitoring, and the analysis of ecological protection.Lifecycle checklist indicators scored high, reflecting emphasis on fund use and traceable management; checklist, remote sensing, and ground sensor indicators showed satisfactory completion rates relative to national plans; social sensing indicators fell below 90%, indicating a need for greater public recognition.The lowest score-measure optimization and iteration-objectively reflected the slow uptake of NbS in China and revealed a planningoptimization workflow defect.In this paper, we highlight the value of mining remote-sensingbased ecological benefit indicators (e.g., water conservation) and advocate a small-scale, gradual approach to promoting NbS standards and ecological restoration practices.