Circulating immune profiling reveals impaired monocyte states and trajectories driving immunosuppression in glioblastoma

Abstract Background Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive and lethal brain tumor marked by profound local and systemic immune dysfunction. Despite evidence of peripheral immune impairment, the clinical relevance of these alterations for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes remains poorly defined. Methods We performed multimodal single-cell profiling of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a single-center cohort of treatment-naïve GBM patients and healthy donors, integrating mass and flow cytometry with single-cell RNA-sequencing. Unsupervised clustering, pseudo-temporal trajectory analyses and cell–cell communication inference were applied to map immune states and their interactions. Results GBM blood profiles were characterized by heterogeneous changes in classical monocytes, encompassing expanded, reduced and unchanged subsets with distinct functional states, including antigen-presenting, interferon and metabolic programs. Additional myeloid adaptations included myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) expansion and loss of non-classical monocytes. Trajectory analyses identified a differentiation continuum, evolving from antigen-presenting to metabolic monocyte subsets, and positioning MDSCs as an intermediate state. Antigen‑presenting monocytes displayed tumor‑migratory, precursor‑like profiles that corresponded to tumor‑associated macrophages in public GBM datasets. Across subsets, circulating monocytes shared a “GBM-classical monocytic signature” characterized by low MHC class II expression, altered cell–cell communication and upregulation of anti-inflammatory mediators, including IL1R2 and CD163 . Notably, complementary myeloid expression signatures were identified across patients, indicating distinct systemic immune phenotypes. In parallel, lymphocyte alterations included decreased proportions of CD4 + T, natural killer (NK) and CD56 + T cells, retaining relatively conserved activation profiles, exemplified by up-regulation of alarmins S100A8/S100A9 . Conclusions These findings delineate systemic immune reprogramming in primary GBM, characterized by coordinated myeloid and lymphocyte alterations. The identification of circulating monocyte states with transcriptional continuity to the tumour microenvironment, alongside distinct patient-level systemic myeloid signatures, provides a framework for exploring peripheral blood as a source of immune biomarkers in GBM.