Electrocatalytic Detection of Biological Substances Using Hybrid Nanocomposites for Clinical Applications

Electrocatalytic detection of biological substances using hybrid nanocomposites represents a promising frontier in electrochemical biosensors for clinical applications. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in the development and application different electrodes modified with hybrid nanostructures—materials that combine synergistic properties of inorganic components (such as metallic nanoparticles, metal oxides, graphene, carbon nanotubes) and organic or biomolecular components—for the sensitive, selective, and rapid detection of clinically relevant biomarkers, such as glucose, dopamine, uric acid, DNA, cancer antigens, and other metabolites or pathogens.