Social networks and intergenerational support among rural left-behind older adults in China: a latent profile analysis

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to identify latent classes of social networks among rural left-behind older adults in China, examine their influencing factors, and explore their associations with different dimensions of intergenerational support. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in July-August 2022 across seven counties in Anhui Province, China, using village-based convenience sampling combined with a random-walk household procedure, using a general information questionnaire, the Lubben Social Network Scale, and an intergenerational support scale. Latent profile analysis (LPA) identified network types; multinomial logistic regression examined covariate predictors; and ordinal models including quadratic terms characterized the associations of intergenerational support dimensions with network type, with inflection-point estimation and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS: LPA revealed three distinct social network profiles: Family-Friend Weak-Tie (56.5%), Family-Friend Moderate-Maintenance (31.3%), and Family-Friend Stable -Active (12.3%). Age, primary economic source, social participation, vision impairment, and intergenerational support were significant influencing factors (all p < 0.05). Emotional support was consistently and positively associated with network level (β = 0.312, p < 0.001), whereas financial support showed a significant inverted-U association (linear β = 1.07, p = 0.002; quadratic β = - 0.105, p = 0.003), with an inflection point at a financial support score of 5.11; instrumental care(daily care) showed no significant association. The inverted-U pattern was robust across sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: The social networks of rural left-behind older adults in China are heterogeneous, with over half characterized by weak ties and a high prevalence of social isolation. Dimensions of intergenerational support are differentially associated with network type: emotional support is consistently positive, financial support follows an inverted-U pattern (suggesting moderate rather than maximal support), and instrumental care shows no significant association. Interventions should prioritize the weak-tie subgroup, emphasize emotional connection, and promote moderate levels of financial support.