Phenolic compounds in human health from biofunctionality and bioavailability to gut brain interactions and disease prevention

Research has shown that oxidative stress is a key factor in the progression of a range of human illnesses, such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. Extensive research is underway to explore new management strategies due to the significant impact of these diseases on public health. Phytochemicals found in plants, particularly phenolic compounds, have demonstrated significant potential in the treatment and prevention of diseases associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, this review delves into the chemistry of plant phenolic compounds, examining their antioxidant activity and potential for disease prevention from a critical standpoint. Additionally, it highlights recent advancements in their absorption within the body. Phenolic compounds can act as antioxidant agents, providing protection against oxidative stress. They achieve this by modulating various cellular processes such as apoptosis, redox balance signaling, differentiation, and proliferation. It is intriguing that, despite obstacles within the body, phenols can reach peripheral organs such as the brain. Further research is needed to explore the relationship between phenolic compounds and gut microbiota, as well as the dose-response relationship. These fields of research hold immense potential to revolutionize our understanding of the physiological benefits of consuming phenolic compounds.