Comparative analysis of slope stability methods under seismic loading using LEM, FEM, and DEM

Slope stability in seismically active areas is a crucial issue in geotechnical design, as failure can have severe consequences for infrastructure and public safety. This study explores modern methods for calculating slope stability under seismic loads, including the limit equilibrium method (LEM), the finite element method (FEM), and the difference element method (DEM). Numerical modeling was conducted using the PLAXIS, GeoStudio, and Slide software packages. A parametric slope stability analysis was performed, considering various values of seismic acceleration, slope angle, and pore pressure. The stability factor calculated using the Bishop method (LEM) was compared with the results from FEM and DEM to assess the accuracy and limitations of each technique. The study revealed that the stability factor (FS) decreases as the slope angle and seismic acceleration increase. When the acceleration reaches 0.3 g, the stability factor falls below the critical value (FS < 1.0), indicating an increased likelihood of slope failure. Although FEM and DEM methods provide more accurate modeling of deformations and failure mechanisms, LEM, which is based on static equilibrium, may overestimate slope stability. This research highlights the effectiveness of numerical modeling in predicting slope stability under seismic loading. Future investigations are recommended to develop hybrid models that combine LEM, FEM, and DEM, apply machine learning methods for predictive stability analysis, and consider long-term factors such as soil erosion and cyclic seismic loads. The findings can be utilized to improve slope design safety and enhance the resilience of infrastructure in seismically active regions.