Glucose-responsive polymeric vesicles for insulin delivery in diabetic patients

Irregular insulin secretion ultimately results in high blood glucose levels, leading to diabetes. Several oral hypoglycemic drugs and insulins have been discovered to control hyperglycemic conditions, which have a major risk factor for hypoglycemia. To overcome this problem, glucose-responsive polymeric vesicles (GRVs) have recently been developed, which have shown tremendous potential for minimizing blood glucose levels with a low risk of hypoglycemia. This article highlights the ideal characteristics of polymers, the mechanism of synthesis of GRVs, drug release mechanisms from GRVs, including blood glucose regulation, and the stability of insulin in GRVs during storage and in vivo application in diabetes and cancer. All data were obtained from the PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Google Patents databases.