Laplacian energy and Quasi-Laplacian energy for trees

For a simple graph $G$, the Laplacian matrix is denoted by $L(G)$ and the Signless Laplacian matrix is denoted by $Q(G)$. These matrices and their eigenvalues are widely used in many fields such as network measurement and chemical structures. Laplacian energy of a graph $G$ of order $n$ is defined as $LE(G)= \sum_{i=1}^n \ |\mu_i-\overline d |$, where $\mu_i$ is the $i$-th eigenvalue of Laplacian matrix of $G$, and $\overline d$ is average degree. Similarly, the Quasi-Laplacian energy of the graph $G$ of order $n$ is defined as $E_Q(G)= \sum_{i=1}^n \ \sigma_i^2$, where $\sigma_i$ is the $i$-th eigenvalue of Signless Laplacian matrix of $G$.The inequality $LE(P_n) \leq LE(T_n) \leq LE(S_n)$ was given as conjecture by Radenković and Gutman in 2007. This conjucture was proved by Trevisan et al. for trees with 3 diameters and by Rehman et al. for trees with 4 diameters. Our aim is to prove this conjecture for trees with larger diameters. In this study, we solved the above conjecture for some tree classes between 5 and 15 in diameter by the linear time algorithm for characteristic polynomials. It is also proved ${E_Q}\left( {{P_n}} \right) \le {E_Q}\left( {{T_n}} \right) \le {E_Q}\left( {{S_n}} \right) $ inequality, which is similar to Gutman's conjecture for the Quasi-Laplacian energy.

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Publication Details

Journal
Ikonion Journal of Mathematics
Published
2026-07-16
DOI
https://doi.org/10.54286/ikjm.1760148
Primary Topic
Graph theory and applications
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Laplacian energy and Quasi-Laplacian energy for trees

Emrecan Erdem, A. Dılek Maden, Masood Ur Rehman
Ikonion Journal of Mathematics
Graph theory and applications
article

Laplacian energy and Quasi-Laplacian energy for trees

Emrecan Erdem, A. Dılek Maden, Masood Ur Rehman
article en

Abstract

For a simple graph $G$, the Laplacian matrix is denoted by $L(G)$ and the Signless Laplacian matrix is denoted by $Q(G)$. These matrices and their eigenvalues are widely used in many fields such as network measurement and chemical structures. Laplacian energy of a graph $G$ of order $n$ is defined as $LE(G)= \sum_{i=1}^n \ |\mu_i-\overline d |$, where $\mu_i$ is the $i$-th eigenvalue of Laplacian matrix of $G$, and $\overline d$ is average degree. Similarly, the Quasi-Laplacian energy of the graph $G$ of order $n$ is defined as $E_Q(G)= \sum_{i=1}^n \ \sigma_i^2$, where $\sigma_i$ is the $i$-th eigenvalue of Signless Laplacian matrix of $G$.The inequality $LE(P_n) \leq LE(T_n) \leq LE(S_n)$ was given as conjecture by Radenković and Gutman in 2007. This conjucture was proved by Trevisan et al. for trees with 3 diameters and by Rehman et al. for trees with 4 diameters. Our aim is to prove this conjecture for trees with larger diameters. In this study, we solved the above conjecture for some tree classes between 5 and 15 in diameter by the linear time algorithm for characteristic polynomials. It is also proved ${E_Q}\left( {{P_n}} \right) \le {E_Q}\left( {{T_n}} \right) \le {E_Q}\left( {{S_n}} \right) $ inequality, which is similar to Gutman's conjecture for the Quasi-Laplacian energy.

Ikonion Journal of MathematicsVol. 8(1)
Selçuk University (TR), Anqing Normal University (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, Selçuk Üniversitesi
Affordable and clean energy
Openalex Percentile: Top 4%
Graph theory and applications
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