Cascaded adaptive load frequency control for single area and double area power systems considering wind penetration

This study investigates the application of a cascaded adaptive controller for Load Frequency Control (LFC) in single-area and two-area power systems. The controller is a combination between adaptive PI controller and PID controller thus the term cascaded controller. The main objective is to evaluate the controller's performance under various operating conditions through comparison with a conventional controller and adaptive controller. The case studies in the single-area power system shall be four case studies to be examined: (1) a conventional system without renewable energy integration, (2) a system with wind power introduced as a disturbance source, and (3) and (4) modified versions of the first two cases excluding time-delay effects. Similarly, the two-area power system is analyzed using four case studies, for the first and second scenarios, a static load change is applied independently to each area, while the third and fourth scenarios extend these cases by considering dynamic, time-varying load changes. For all scenarios, disturbances are introduced in one area, and their effects on tie-line power flow are analyzed. An optimization algorithm is utilized to determine the optimal gain parameters for each controller configuration. MATLAB/Simulink is employed for system simulation, and the system responses are assessed in the time domain. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed cascaded adaptive controller exhibits superior performance and robustness, particularly in disturbance rejection and frequency stability enhancement. As there is an improvement in the system response by minimizing overshoot, reducing oscillations, and achieving faster settling times-outperforming traditional PI, standalone AFOPI, and PID controllers indicating that it can be utilized in different power systems.