A Comprehensive Factors Framework for Digital Transformation in Basic Education: A Systematic Review

Digital transformation in basic education faces persistent implementation gaps. This systematic review follows PRISMA 2020 to synthesize 36 empirical studies (2012–2025) from international and Chinese databases, identifying key success factors through thematic coding. Factors are organized into four dimensions: People (teacher digital literacy, digital leadership, etc.), Process (digital strategy and planning, Project management, etc.), Technology (infrastructure coverage, System ease of use, etc.), and Ecosystem (policy support, regional collaboration, etc.). These dimensions form the PPTE framework, which shows how factor interdependencies and context-sensitive pathways, rather than isolated investments, drive transformation. The PPTE framework provides a comprehensive analytical tool for diagnosing weaknesses and designing differentiated strategies for schools and policymakers.