What should medical students learn in immunology? Developing a consensus-based curriculum framework for a spiral medical curriculum

BACKGROUND: Immunology is the foundation for modern medical practice across infection, allergy, autoimmunity, transplantation, and cancer, yet is widely perceived by undergraduate medical students as being complex and difficult to learn. Curricular reform, including the adoption of integrated and spiral models, presents opportunities to improve learning through repeated exposure and clinical contextualisation, but also risks content dilution, fragmented sequencing, and reduced disciplinary coherence. The aim of this study was to develop a consensus-based framework defining core immunology content and guiding principles for implementation within a spiral undergraduate medical curriculum. METHODS: A three-phase consensus development process involving faculty (Phase 1 questionnaire), a Curriculum Development Panel (Phase 2 structured discussion), and medical alumni (Phase 3 questionnaire) was used. Outputs were synthesised into a curriculum framework comprising core immunology content domains, guiding principles for sequencing and depth, and operational guidance ('Dos and Don'ts') for implementation in a spiral curriculum. RESULTS: Stakeholders agreed a set of core immunology content domains appropriate for undergraduate medicine and endorsed guiding principles emphasising early conceptual grounding, progressive clinical application, limiting excessive molecular detail in early years, and aligning content with assessment. Alumni responses validated the perceived importance of clinical contextualisation and staged progression of expected knowledge from early medical school to graduation. CONCLUSION: This consensus-derived framework provides practical guidance for curriculum planners and clinician-educators implementing immunology teaching within integrated spiral programmes. Although developed within one institutional reform context, it is articulated at the level of domains and guiding principles to support adaptation for use across undergraduate medical curricula.