Formation of holographic vortex in a rotating shell-shaped superfluid

A bstract We investigate the holographic superfluid dynamics subjected to external rotation on a spherical geometry. Through a linear perturbation analysis, we identify several dynamically unstable phases in the phase diagram, each characterized by distinct unstable modes. Employing fully nonlinear numerical simulations, we further demonstrate that these unstable modes generically drive the system into vortex–antivortex configurations with definite winding numbers, determined by the symmetry of the corresponding unstable modes.