Co-designing responses to stakeholder misalignments in a complex infrastructure project: a design science approach

ABSTRACT: Large infrastructure projects often face misalignments that Delays outcomes. This paper presents a co-design workshop addressing such challenges in a European railway project. Guided by complexity theory, the workshop enabled participants to reflect and co-create strategies for alignment. Pre/post surveys and facilitator observations show increased confidence and engagement, with notable awareness in addressing misalignments. These findings highlight co-design’s value as an adaptive, participatory approach for creating recognition and managing complexity in interorganizational projects.