Towards collaboration in circular ecosystems: barriers, enablers, and insights from European projects

ABSTRACT: This study examines barriers for circular ecosystems in literature, and identifies 11 enabling factors for collaboration in circular ecosystems. Based on a web-based analysis of 763 European CE projects, the study analyses how factors are addressed in practice. Collaborative processes, trust building, and technological enablers were most frequent, supporting relational foundations via digital tools. Projects often signal collaboration but rarely detail governance or ecosystem orchestration. Findings highlight design capabilities to foster shared-value creation in circular ecosystems.