Operational flexibility of hydrogen electrolyser and its consequence in power system resilience

Abstract With the increasing penetration of variable renewable energy sources, there is increasing need for flexible and responsive technologies capable of enhancing power system resilience in grid operation. Traditionally hydrogen electrolysers were operated as steady-state industrial loads, which are now emerging as dynamic assets that can support grid reliability through rapid load modulation and large-scale energy conversion. This study examines the operational flexibility of modern electrolyser technologies and evaluates their potential contributions to grid resilience, including upward and downward flexibilities for different load conditions in distribution network. Key technical characteristics at device level, such as power range, ramp rates, hydrogen production, and integration requirements are analysed to determine their compatibility with evolving grid conditions. Findings demonstrate how flexible hydrogen electrolysers can act as controllable demand-side resources, mitigating short-term fluctuations while enabling long-term energy storage opportunities through hydrogen production. Specifically, it is identified that efficiency variability has a substantial influence on electrolyser performance. When operated as adjustable loads, electrolysers can enhance hydrogen production while also improving operational flexibility, thereby contributing to greater power-grid resilience. The paper concludes with recommendations for operational strategies, market mechanisms specifically economic indicators, and policy frameworks needed to unlock the full grid-support potential of hydrogen electrolysers.