Cultural significance and perceptions of sharks and rays in Palawan, Philippines

Abstract The Philippines is a marine biodiversity hotspot, home to a vast array of shark and ray species, many of which face conservation challenges. Despite growing recognition that effective and equitable conservation requires engagement with the values, beliefs, and knowledge systems of coastal fishing communities, these remain largely undocumented in Palawan. This study aims to document the cultural significance and perceptions of sharks and rays among coastal communities in Palawan. Fieldwork was conducted through 60 semi-structured interviews with fishers, tourism operators, and key community members across five sites. Findings indicate that while sharks and rays are not considered deities, traditional beliefs permeate contemporary perceptions, including the use of stingray tails for protection against malevolent supernatural beings. Sharks and rays also hold culinary importance, particularly in dishes like ginataan or kinunot , where their meat is cooked in coconut milk. Despite their cultural and practical uses, sharks tended to be perceived negatively, with many respondents expressing fear or strong dislike rooted in intergenerational storytelling and livelihood-related conflicts. This study highlights the complex and multifaceted relationships between coastal communities and elasmobranchs, where these animals are seen through a lens shaped by tradition, fear, and utility. In Palawan, where some coastal community members continue consuming sharks and rays despite existing legal restrictions, integrating values, beliefs, and knowledge from the communities into conservation efforts could lead to more sustainable harvesting practices. By documenting these plural values and knowledge systems, this study takes a necessary step toward their recognition, contributing knowledge that may inform more responsive and locally owned conservation approaches.