Systematic evaluation of three desalination methods for Nanhai I ceramics based on kinetics and residual salts

Desalination is critical for marine-recovered ceramics, yet quantitative comparisons of treatment strategies remain limited. This study introduces nanobubble water as an emerging desalination medium and evaluates its performance through a 52-day controlled experiment alongside static immersion and heated water-bath treatments. Electrical conductivity was monitored daily, and major soluble ions were quantified using ion chromatography. Chloride and sodium dominate the soluble salt assemblage, exhibiting strongly coupled release patterns. Correlation analysis shows that conductivity closely tracks total ionic concentration, supporting its use as a proxy for monitoring desalination progress. Kinetic modeling using a single-exponential decay framework reveals that while early-stage variability limits the reliability of rate constants, the residual parameter offers a more robust measure of desalination completeness. Nanobubble treatment exhibits sustained ion release at later stages, suggesting enhanced effectiveness in mobilizing residual salts. This study provides a quantitative framework for evaluating desalination efficiency for large-scale marine ceramic assemblages.