Real-world operational characteristics of perovskite photovoltaics

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved remarkable progress in power conversion efficiency, approaching 27% for single-junction device. As this photovoltaic technology advances toward industrial implementation, operational characteristics are becoming increasing critical. Although considerable efforts have been devoted to studying stability under laboratory conditions, the operational characteristics of PSCs in real-world differ markedly and remain insufficiently explored. Specifically, the power output of perovskite modules under outdoor conditions is strongly influenced by dynamic weather parameters, yet their behavior in these uncontrolled environments is far less understood compared to controlled laboratory evaluations. This review highlights the phenomena unique to PSCs, including seasonal efficiency variations and diurnal cycling, which distinguish them from convention PV technologies. We first discuss the operational behavior of PSCs observed in controlled laboratory test, with emphasis on light exposure, temperature cycling and bias to elucidate the underlying mechanism. Then, we summarize the works on long-term outdoor behavior of both single junction PSCs and perovskite/silicon tandem photovoltaics. Finally, we provide perspective on bridging the gap between fundamental mechanism and real-world applications.