Characterizing pediatric trauma patients and EMS agencies that are optimal targets for prehospital pediatric blood transfusion programs

OBJECTIVES Trauma is a leading cause of death among children the United States. Prehospital blood product administration is a potentially lifesaving measure for injured children. We evaluated how often injured children meet physiological criteria for transfusion, determined the use of prehospital blood products in this sample, and identified agency characteristics that can inform the implementation of additional prehospital transfusion programs.METHODS We conducted a retrospective analysis of the 2021-2024 National Emergency Medical Services Information System (NEMSIS) datasets. We included children (<18 years) with injury. We identified patients who may be eligible for prehospital blood transfusion based on (a) a combination of a systolic blood pressure (SBP) below the 5th centile for age and elevated heart rate above the 85th centile or (b) a systolic blood pressure below the 1st centile. We characterized encounters potentially eligible for prehospital blood transfusion, the use of blood products in this group, and the EMS agencies that cared for these patients.RESULTS Of 2,492,731 encounters, 34,221 (1.37%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.36%, 1.39%) were potentially eligible for blood transfusion. Patients meeting these criteria were more frequently adolescents (71.1%) and were involved in falls (23.4%) or motor vehicle collisions (22.6%). Blood products were administered in 669 (0.027%; 95% CI 0.025%, 0.029%) encounters overall and to 1.01% (95% CI 0.91%, 1.13%) of encounters meeting criteria for blood transfusion eligibility. In agency-level analysis, 240/16,848 (1.4%) agencies provided blood products to children, and 84.4% of eligible patients were cared for by agencies whose most common level of service was advanced life support (ALS). In multivariable analysis, agencies caring for pediatric trauma patients meeting physiologic criteria for transfusion were more likely to have higher levels of service (ALS or critical care); rural; mixed volunteer/non-volunteer; and governmental non-fire, hospital, or private, non-hospital (vs fire departments).CONCLUSIONS In a nationally representative prehospital sample, many injured children appeared eligible for transfusion. Prehospital blood product use was uncommon and varied by system factors. Expanding access will require implementation of blood programs among EMS agencies most likely to treat these patients, and consideration for equipment and protocols that allow for administration of blood to children.