Optimization of Rooftop Solar PV Panels Considering Ambient Temperature Effect and Tilt Angle – A Case Study in Malaysia

Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems represent a key distributed generation technology for sustainable energy integration, enabling buildings to meet their own demand or export surplus electricity to the grid. In Malaysia, adoption is supported by the Self-Consumption (SELCO) and Net Energy Metering (NEM) schemes, with this study focusing on commercial and industrial (C&I) PV installations under the NEM framework. The research pursues three objectives to enhance rooftop PV performance. First, the technical performance of n-type monocrystalline mono-facial and bi-facial panels is assessed on two common roofing types; metal deck and reinforced concrete slab, considering the effect of roof colours on albedo and system efficiency. Simulations are conducted using PVsyst to evaluate energy generation under these scenarios. Second, the influence of ambient temperature on system performance is analysed to establish correlations between temperature variations and PV efficiency. Finally, this paper optimizes the output of solar PV panel considering variation in tilt angle using metaheuristic technique. The outcomes provide practical insights for improving the performance of rooftop PV installations, supporting Malaysia’s renewable energy targets, and advancing sustainable grid integration.