Bioactive components, mechanisms, and applications of functional seeds (Flaxseed, chia, pumpkin, hemp, and sesame) in insulin resistance: A mini-review

Insulin resistance is a significant metabolic dysfunction that contributes to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). As interest grows in functional foods for chronic disease management, seeds of various plants, such as Linum usitatissimum (flaxseed), Salvia hispanica (chia), Cucurbita pepo (pumpkin), Cannabis sativa (hemp), and Sesamum indicum (Sesame) have gained prominence due to their rich profile of bioactive compounds. These seeds contain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), dietary fibre, lignans, polyphenols, and key micronutrients that act synergistically to enhance insulin sensitivity. The mechanisms by which these components exert their effects include modulation of insulin signaling pathways, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), enhancement of adiponectin secretion, and improvement of gut microbiota composition. For instance, chia and pumpkin seed extracts have shown reductions in serum glucose and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) in diabetic rodent models. Though little evidence from both animal and human studies suggests that some seed extracts and oils can lower blood glucose, reduce insulin resistance, and improve lipid profiles. This review summarises the mechanistic insights, preclinical and clinical evidence, and functional food applications of these seeds, while highlighting current research gaps. Incorporating functional seeds into dietary interventions may offer a sustainable and accessible approach for managing insulin resistance and preventing T2DM. Despite promising findings, more robust and long-term human clinical trials are required to validate these effects and establish standardized dosages.