Topology-oriented energy management systems based on supercapacitor charge sustaining and multi-port DC–DC converters for hybrid electric motorcycles

Among the key challenges in the energy management systems (EMSs) of hybrid electric motorcycles (HEMCs) are supercapacitor SOC regulation to fully exploit hybridization benefits and appropriate topology design for reducing EMS control complexity. This study proposes two EMSs for HEMCs based on isolated dual-input bidirectional DC-DC converters and a Sugeno fuzzy-logic control strategy. A supercapacitor charge-sustaining approach is employed to improve power support during acceleration and high-power-demand intervals. Furthermore, the proposed converter structures provide inherent asymmetric power sharing between the battery and supercapacitor, reducing EMS control complexity and eliminating the need for additional power-sharing control loops. Two converter configurations with different power-sharing characteristics are investigated for different driving-condition tendencies. A dynamic HEMC model is developed for system simulation and evaluation. Simulation results demonstrate effective power sharing, supercapacitor utilization, and regenerative energy handling. Comparative analyses with existing studies further verify the operational effectiveness of the proposed EMSs.