Stable lineages, rewired landscapes: single‐cell and spatial multi‐omics reveal developmental plasticity under abiotic stress

Plants are constantly challenged by environmental stressors, yet their sessile nature demands highly flexible developmental programs to maintain growth and survival. With the advent of single-cell technologies, developmental plasticity can now be dissected at cellular resolution. Two recent Populus studies show that both mechanical and drought stress induce xylem remodeling by shifting cell-type ratios or altering differentiation speed, while preserving the underlying developmental lineages. Highly similar patterns have been recently observed in Arabidopsis and cabbage, in which osmotic and salt stress alter the tempo of root hair differentiation without changing lineage identity. The recurrence of this developmental program across woody and herbaceous species, spanning distinct taxonomic orders, suggests that lineage-stable yet flexible stress responses are evolutionarily conserved in plants. Moreover, these insights were enabled by the application of advanced single-cell and spatially resolved approaches, with several of these studies incorporating single-cell/nucleus transcriptomics with spatial multi-omics analyses to link developmental dynamics with tissue context. This balance between flexibility and developmental order may represent a fundamental principle by which plants maintain resilience under diverse environmental challenges and may offer a valid framework for this field of study.