The Palindromic Nature of Prime Numbers

We discover a novel characterization of prime numbers through the periodic behaviour of the linear recurrence a(n) = −a(n−1) + a(n−2) + a(n−3) modulo m. We conjecture that the normalized sum of lengths of palindromic cycles equals 1 if and only if m ≥ 2 is prime. For semiprime and prime power moduli, we derive explicit weight formulas involving Gaussian q-binomial coefficients, and conjecture a weight preservation property analogous to that observed in Fibonacci-type recurrences. Additionally, we investigate the distribution of absolute minima under random initialization, revealing a reflection symmetry P(n) = P(2 − n) and fractal boundary structures in parameter space.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-07-01
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21115613
Primary Topic
Analytic Number Theory Research
Type
preprint
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preprint

The Palindromic Nature of Prime Numbers

Marc T. Pudelko
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Analytic Number Theory Research
preprint

The Palindromic Nature of Prime Numbers

Marc T. Pudelko
preprint en

Abstract

We discover a novel characterization of prime numbers through the periodic behaviour of the linear recurrence a(n) = −a(n−1) + a(n−2) + a(n−3) modulo m. We conjecture that the normalized sum of lengths of palindromic cycles equals 1 if and only if m ≥ 2 is prime. For semiprime and prime power moduli, we derive explicit weight formulas involving Gaussian q-binomial coefficients, and conjecture a weight preservation property analogous to that observed in Fibonacci-type recurrences. Additionally, we investigate the distribution of absolute minima under random initialization, revealing a reflection symmetry P(n) = P(2 − n) and fractal boundary structures in parameter space.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Analytic Number Theory Research
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The Palindromic Nature of Prime Numbers — Marc T. Pudelko · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (2026) | TGRS Research Map | TGRS