Waste-To-Energy Conversion for Sustainable Electricity Generation in Lagos, Nigeria: A Thermodynamic and Environmental Analysis

Rapid urbanization and increasing municipal solid waste generation in Lagos, Nigeria, have intensified environmental challenges and energy deficits. This study investigates the potential of waste-to-energy (WtE) conversion as a sustainable pathway for electricity generation, using thermodynamic and environmental analysis frameworks. The research evaluates key WtE technologies—incineration, anaerobic digestion, gasification, and pyrolysis—based on their energy efficiency, calorific value of local waste streams, and greenhouse gas emission profiles. Primary and secondary data on waste composition, generation rates, and energy demand in Lagos were integrated into thermodynamic models to estimate power generation potential and system performance. Results indicate that Lagos generates over 13,000 tonnes of municipal solid waste daily, with a significant organic fraction suitable for energy recovery. Thermodynamic analysis reveals that incineration and gasification offer the highest energy yields, with potential electricity generation ranging between 400–600 MW, depending on system efficiency and feedstock variability. Environmental assessment shows that WtE technologies can significantly reduce landfill dependency, methane emissions, and public health risks when properly managed. However, challenges such as high capital costs, technological limitations, and policy gaps remain critical barriers. The study concludes that integrating WtE into Lagos’ energy mix can enhance sustainable electricity supply, improve waste management, and support climate change mitigation goals. Policy recommendations emphasize investment in modern WtE infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and public-private partnerships.