Detection methods and measurement techniques for neutron beam characterization in boron neutron capture therapy: a review

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary therapeutic modality whose efficacy depends not only on the targeting ability of boron drugs but also on the quality of the neutron beams, where the latter is determined by its characteristics – specifically its radiation components and their associated key beam properties. While simulations can provide valuable assessments of these characteristics, measurements offer more direct and reliable characterization, rendering them indispensable for neutron beam quality assessment. BNCT neutron beams comprise thermal neutrons, epithermal neutrons, fast neutrons, and gamma rays, and mastering the detection methods for these components is fundamental to quality evaluation. Building on these methods, a set of dedicated techniques targeting the diverse properties of BNCT beams has been developed and implemented throughout system commissioning, acceptance testing, and routine quality assurance procedures. To better align with clinical demands, further development and optimization of these detection methods and measurement techniques are needed. This review systematically summarizes the detection methods for the four radiation components and analyzes techniques for key beam properties, such as real-time beam intensity, neutron spectrum, neutron spatial distribution, out-of-field leakage, and in-phantom dose. By comprehensively synthesizing their principles, research status, and practical applications, this review provides critical insights into the potential and challenges of their clinical implementation, clarifies directions for future basic research and translation, and aims to accelerate BNCT technological innovation and clinical application.