Multimodal accessibility, territorial inequalities, and transport dependence: The Sicily case study

This study analyses accessibility disparities, modal transport structures, and spatial inequalities in Sicily through a provincial-level framework based on ISTAT data. Methodologically, it develops composite Accessibility Indexes (Main, Land, Gateway) and Modal Dependence Indexes (Rail, Road, Airport, Port) to capture both overall territorial accessibility and infrastructure-specific transport reliance. These indexes are examined within a multivariate regression framework using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) estimation, with key demographic, economic, and infrastructural variables to evaluate the determinants of provincial disparities. To complement the econometric analysis, the study also applies Gini coefficients and Global Moran’s I to assess territorial inequality and spatial autocorrelation. Results reveal significant territorial asymmetries across Sicilian provinces, showing that accessibility and modal dependence are unevenly distributed and vary according to different infrastructural functions. While some systems appear more territorially balanced, others display stronger concentration and specialisation, highlighting the fragmented nature of regional transport geography. Overall, findings suggest that accessibility in Sicily should be interpreted as a multidimensional system shaped by heterogeneous territorial regimes, differentiated modal structures, and persistent spatial inequality.