Thermodynamic process of entropy generation and MHD convection in porous cavity saturated with MWCNT-Fe3O4/H2O hybrid nanofluid: Darcy–Forchheimer–Brinkmann model

O, due to its relevance to improving thermal management systems as well as increasing energy efficiency. The study is based on an advanced Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkmann computational model that considers inertial forces, the fluid filling the cavity, and the resultant effects of applying a magnetic field. To provide the laminar and incompressible nature of the nanofluids flux, the Darcy-Forchheimer prototype is essential. While accounting for the inertial influence of advection in the permeable coating. To solve non-dimensional equations, we employ the finite element methodology and the Darcy-Forchheimer-Brinkmann prototype. Thus, several parameters, such as ([Formula: see text]); ([Formula: see text]); ([Formula: see text]); ([Formula: see text]); ([Formula: see text]) with the use of isotherm patterns, streamlines, and other graphs, we employed on the fluid flow is evaluated. Using the Finite Element Method to solve the governing equations numerically demonstrates that by increasing the porosity of the cavity, heat transfer rates can be increased by up to 30%; however, the increase in entropy production also increases with cavity porosity while the application of a greater magnetic field helps to reduce this effect on entropy generation by approximately 20%. The results indicate that the length of the cavity and the magnitude of the applied magnetic field also impact thermal performance within the cavity. The results of this study may assist in developing efficient thermal systems based upon the use of hybrid nanofluids, thereby increasing energy efficiency overall.