Is Distance a Reward? Using Operant Conditioning Integrating Negative and Positive Reinforcement to Reduce Aggression in Tigers (Panthera tigris) Under Human Care

Managing tigers (Panthera tigris) under human care poses significant risks, particularly with individuals exhibiting aggressive behaviors. Although operant conditioning is widely recommended, structured protocols for reducing aggression in large carnivores remain scarce in the literature. This study investigated the efficacy of a constructional approach, using negative reinforcement as a methodological bridge to positive reinforcement in three adult tigers with a history of generalized aggression. The intervention was based on functional distance applied through negative reinforcement by the trainer’s withdrawal as a consequence of the desired behavior, where the researcher’s presence acted as a functional stimulus and strategic retreat was contingent upon micro-behaviors of calmness. This methodology allowed the animals to exert control over the social interaction, facilitating a systematic transition to positive reinforcement and strengthening voluntary approximation. The results indicated a significant reduction in agonistic responses and a rapid transition toward cooperative behaviors. This work provides detailed evidence on how the constructional approach can overcome food refusal and establish a secure training foundation. We conclude that the protocol offers a replicable methodological framework for managing aggression in wild animals initially resistant to traditional methods, promoting safety and welfare through structured behavioral interactions.