New limits on the Pauli forbidden transitions in $$^{12}\textrm{C}$$ nuclei obtained with the complete Borexino dataset

Abstract The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) was tested for nucleons in $$^{12}{C}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nuclei using the Borexino dataset from 2007 to 2021. The approach consists of searching for $$\gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -quanta, neutrons, protons, as well as electrons and positrons emitted in non-Paulian transitions of nucleons from the $$1P_{3/2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shell to the filled $$1S_{1/2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shell. Due to the uniquely low background level, the large mass, and long measurement time of the Borexino detector, the most stringent experimental constraints to date on the lifetime of the $$\mathrm {^{12}C}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nucleus with respect to PEP-forbidden transitions were obtained: $$\tau ({^{12}\textrm{C}}\rightarrow {^{12}\widetilde{\textrm{C}}}+\gamma ) \ge {1.1\times 10^{32}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mover> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>32</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> y, $$\tau ({^{12}\textrm{C}}\rightarrow {^{11}\widetilde{\textrm{B}}}+ p) \ge {1.0\times 10^{31}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mover> <mml:mtext>B</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>31</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> y, $$\tau ({^{12}\textrm{C}}\rightarrow {^{11}\widetilde{\textrm{C}}}+ n) \ge 2.0 \times 10^{31}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml

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Journal
The European Physical Journal C
Published
2026-06-30
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-026-15912-9
Primary Topic
Nuclear physics research studies
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article
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article

New limits on the Pauli forbidden transitions in $$^{12}\textrm{C}$$ nuclei obtained with the complete Borexino dataset

I. Lomskaya, L. Ludhova, R. Biondi, A. Goretti et al.
The European Physical Journal C
Nuclear physics research studies
article

New limits on the Pauli forbidden transitions in $$^{12}\textrm{C}$$ nuclei obtained with the complete Borexino dataset

I. Lomskaya, L. Ludhova, R. Biondi, A. Goretti, V. Orekhov, M.T. Ranalli, A. Derbin, V. Di Marcello, M. Gromov, M. Wojcik, M. Wurm, A. Ianni, L. Pelicci, G. Raikov, G. Settanta, N. Pilipenko, D. Franco, R. B. Vogelaar, D Semenov, R Tartaglia, K Zuber, G. Korga, A. Jany, J. Benziger, J. Martýn, A Chepurnov, O. Smirnov, V. Kobychev, M. Laubenstein, D. Guffanti, X. F. Ding, A. Vishneva, M. Pallavicini, E. Meroni, G. Bellini, A. Pocar, S. Kumaran, I. Machulin, C. Galbiati, L. Oberauer, A. Razeto, L. Pietrofaccia, D. D’Angelo, A. Di Ludovico, A. Singhal, F. Ortica, P. Lombardi, M. Misiaszek, A. Sotnikov, E. Litvinovich, A. Re, L. Di Noto, Ö. Penek, S. Zavatarelli, V. Muratova, G. Ranucci, C. Ghiano, G. Testera, A. Caminata, B. Caccianiga, M. Skorokhvatov, I. Drachnev, F. von Feilitzsch, D. Basilico, N. Rossi, L. Miramonti, E. Unzhakov, S. Schönert, G. Zuzel, A. Di Giacinto, M. Giammarchi
article en

Abstract

Abstract The Pauli exclusion principle (PEP) was tested for nucleons in $$^{12}{C}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nuclei using the Borexino dataset from 2007 to 2021. The approach consists of searching for $$\gamma $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> </mml:math> -quanta, neutrons, protons, as well as electrons and positrons emitted in non-Paulian transitions of nucleons from the $$1P_{3/2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>P</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>3</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shell to the filled $$1S_{1/2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:msub> <mml:mi>S</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>/</mml:mo> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> shell. Due to the uniquely low background level, the large mass, and long measurement time of the Borexino detector, the most stringent experimental constraints to date on the lifetime of the $$\mathrm {^{12}C}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mi>C</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> nucleus with respect to PEP-forbidden transitions were obtained: $$\tau ({^{12}\textrm{C}}\rightarrow {^{12}\widetilde{\textrm{C}}}+\gamma ) \ge {1.1\times 10^{32}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mover> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>γ</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.1</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>32</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> y, $$\tau ({^{12}\textrm{C}}\rightarrow {^{11}\widetilde{\textrm{B}}}+ p) \ge {1.0\times 10^{31}}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mover> <mml:mtext>B</mml:mtext> <mml:mo>~</mml:mo> </mml:mover> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>+</mml:mo> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>≥</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>1.0</mml:mn> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> <mml:msup> <mml:mn>10</mml:mn> <mml:mn>31</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> y, $$\tau ({^{12}\textrm{C}}\rightarrow {^{11}\widetilde{\textrm{C}}}+ n) \ge 2.0 \times 10^{31}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi>τ</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>(</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>12</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mtext>C</mml:mtext> </mml:mrow> <mml:mo>→</mml:mo> <mml:mrow> <mml:mmultiscripts> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mrow/> <mml:mn>11</mml:mn> </mml:mmultiscripts> <mml

The European Physical Journal CVol. 86(6)
Jagiellonian University (PL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE), Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE), HUN-REN Institute for Nuclear Research (HU), Lomonosov Moscow State University (RU), Princeton University (US), Kurchatov Institute (RU), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (IT), Laboratoire AstroParticule et Cosmologie (FR), Institute for High Energy Physics (RU), Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (RU), Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale (IT), Innovation Cluster (Canada) (CA), Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute (RU), Institute of High Energy Physics (CN), Institute for Nuclear Research (UA), Moscow State University (TJ), Gran Sasso Science Institute (IT), The NSF AI Institute for Artificial Intelligence and Fundamental Interactions (US), Universidad de Londres (MX), Technical University of Munich (DE), University of Milano-Bicocca (IT), Technische Universität Dresden (DE), Virginia Tech (US), National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (RU), RWTH Aachen University (DE)
National Science Foundation, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Narodowe Centrum Nauki, Russian Science Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso
Reduced inequalities
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Nuclear physics research studies
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