Associations Between Sports-Based After-School Activities, Cognitive Ability, Physical Health, Problematic Internet Use, Psychosocial Health, and Health-Related Behaviors Among Indonesian Adolescents

Adolescence is a formative period marked by rapid physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development, during which lifestyle behaviors and environmental contexts greatly influ-ence health outcomes [1].In contemporary societies, adolescent development increasingly occurs within a highly digitalized environment marked by widespread internet access, mobile technologies, and changing after-school activity patterns.Although digital technologies provide opportunities for learning, communication, and social participation, they also introduce potential risks when Internet engagement becomes excessive or poorly regulated.