Intelligent GRU–PID Based Load Frequency Controller in a Restructured Power System Under the Influence of Denial of Service (DoS) Attack

This study introduces a novel intelligent enhanced cyber resilient control strategy for frequency stabilization in a cyber physical power system (CPPS). The proposed cascaded Gated Recurrent Unit-Proportional Integral Derivative (GRU–PID) controller is tested for various power transaction schemes such as Bilateral, Poolco and Contract Violation in the presence of Denial of Service (DoS) attack. The GRU–PID controller captures nonlinear temporal dynamics to improve disturbance mitigation capability and frequency stability. The controller parameters are optimally adjusted through Modified Human Conception Optimizer (MHCO). The tolerance of the controller is also validated by the inclusion of non-linearities. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis under ±25% parameter uncertainty is performed to demonstrate the adaptability of the controller. A comparative analysis of the MHCO trained GRU–PID controller with a conventional PID controller tuned by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), MHCO and Genetic algorithm (GA), Fractional Order PID (FOPID) tuned by MHCO and FuzzyPID tuned by MHCO is performed. Lyapunov stability analysis and Bode plot analysis is also performed to check the system stability. The results illustrate the superiority of the controller in ensuring stable and secure operation of the power system. The recommended controller efficiently preserves system integrity and functionality during and after cyber intrusions.