Optimal pest management in Moringa ( <i>Moringa oleifera</i> ): a mathematical model incorporating integrated pesticide use

A mathematical model for Moringa was developed and analyzed in this study to manage the plantation's natural pests through integrated pest management (IPM). Bio-pesticides are expensive, difficult to apply and need a lengthy process. However, this method will be more efficient and less costly if chemical pesticides are added to the farming system in addition to biopesticides. Here, we examine the use of integrated pest management (IPM) combined with chemical and biological pesticides. We determine which parameter can lead to stability switches. By utilizing optimal control theory, the ideal concentration profile for both pesticides has been established to reduce side effects and maximize process economy. Numerical simulations justify the primary results.