Design of Load-Independent Class-Φ<sub>3</sub> Oscillator Using Particle Swarm Optimization

We present a load-independent class-Φ3 oscillator and its design method based on particle swarm optimization (PSO). Instead of explicitly deriving analytical design equations, the proposed method evaluates zero-voltage switching (ZVS) and constant current (CC) output directly from time-domain circuit simulations and incorporates them into an objective function for optimization. By exploiting the high convergence stability and flexibility of PSO, load-independent ZVS and CC can be systematically achieved even for complex class-Φ3 circuits. The validity of the circuit topology and design method is verified through experimental results.