Clinical Profile of Anemia and Its Impact on Functional Capacity and Cognition among the Elderly

Abstract Background: Anemia is highly prevalent among elderly individuals and may accelerate functional decline and cognitive impairment. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical profile of anemia and its impact on functional capacity and cognition in elderly patients. Materials and Methods: A case–control study was conducted among 50 elderly patients with anemia and 50 age- and sex-matched controls without anemia. Functional capacity was assessed using the Katz activities of daily living (ADL) and Lawton instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) scales, whereas cognition was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA). Results: The mean age was 69.8 years with a female preponderance. Iron deficiency anemia was the most common type, with nutritional deficiency and reduced dietary intake as the leading causes. Elderly individuals with anemia had significantly higher odds of impairment in ADL (odds ratio [OR] 15.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2–40.1), IADL (OR 10.62, 95% CI 4.5–25.0, and cognition (OR 9.75, 95% CI 3.9–24.3) compared to controls. Conclusion: Anaemia substantially increases the risk of functional dependence and cognitive decline in elderly individuals. Early detection and management are essential to preserve independence, reduce caregiver burden, and improve quality of life.