Numerical Study of MHD Hybrid Nanofluid Flow With Multiple Slip Effects Over a Variable Porous Stretching Surface

ABSTRACT This work discusses the thermal performance of magnetized hybrid nanofluid flow over a variable porous stretchable surface, emphasizing the underlying physical mechanisms governing heat and mass transfer. The Cattaneo–Christov flux model is used in place of Fourier's and Fick's laws to incorporate relaxation effects, ensuring a more realistic depiction of energy and solute transport. The energy equation is further refined by incorporating solar radiation and Joule heating, both of which significantly influence thermal behavior under electromagnetic conditions. The dimensionless governing equations are solved by bvp4c numerical scheme, allowing detailed analysis of the effect of numerous factors on considered profiles. Results reveal that the magnetic field and velocity slip tend to suppress fluid motion, leading to higher skin friction, while porous permeability enhances flow and reduces drag. The thermophoretic and Brownian diffusion effects intensify temperature and improve heat transport within hybrid nanofluid due to enhanced particle motion. Moreover, radiation, magnetic field, and Eckert number elevate fluid temperature, indicating stronger energy dissipation and improved thermal efficiency. Conversely, thermal relaxation and temperature slip moderate temperature gradients, enhancing convective heat control. In terms of mass transfer, thermophoresis increases nanoparticle concentration near the surface but reduces overall diffusion, whereas Brownian motion and higher Schmidt numbers promote mass transfer uniformity. The model's accuracy is confirmed through comparative validation, ensuring the consistency of numerical outcomes.