Bioactive secondary metabolites of mushrooms and their potential applications in nutraceuticals, functional foods and cosmeceuticals with selected formulation approaches

Mushroom secondary metabolites have emerged as valuable bioactive compounds for the development of nutraceuticals, functional foods, and cosmeceuticals due to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial properties. This review highlights recent advances in the formulation and delivery strategies of these bioactives, with emphasis on innovative technologies such as nanoencapsulation, emulsification, and controlled-release systems. Particular attention is given to formulation challenges such as solubility, stability, and bioavailability, as well as regulatory considerations in product development. In addition, the review addresses the growing need for formulation-driven, species-oriented evaluation approaches, recognizing that metabolite composition, extract stability, and formulation compatibility vary significantly among mushroom taxa. Case studies on beta-glucans, ergothioneine, and phenolic-rich extracts illustrate successful integration into commercial products. Selected fungal species were highlighted as representative candidates for formulation-based innovations, demonstrating biological and technological feasibility, an acceptable safety profile. By bridging pharmacological potential with formulation science, this review offers a translational perspective on how mushroom-derived metabolites can be transformed into high-value health-promoting applications.