Identifying and Mapping Plant Species on Historical Buildings Using UAV-Based Imaging: The Case of the Safranbolu City

The aim of this study is to identify plant species growing on historical stone mosques in Safranbolu using unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) based imaging techniques, map their spatial distribution, and assess their impact on the structures. High-resolution photographs were taken using a DJI Air 3S model UAV, and plant densities were analyzed from the images obtained. Visual analysis and comparisons with the flora catalog resulted in the identification of eight species: Sedum album, Parietaria judaica L., Lactuca serriola L., Ailanthus altissima, Alopecurus pratensis L., Hordeum murinum, Tortula muralis Hedw., and Sisymbrium irio L. The findings showed that plant colonization was particularly concentrated in the roof and dome rim areas and that the building material and microclimatic conditions were the determining factors for plant diversity. It was determined that the species Ailanthus altissima and Tortula muralis Hedw. could cause structural damage to stone surfaces. In conclusion, the UAV-based imaging method was evaluated as an effective method that documents cultural heritage structures without causing damage and enables the rapid and accurate detection of plant threats.