A comprehensive review of concentrated solar power technologies: Operating principles, efficiency analyses, and energy storage capabilities of tower, parabolic trough, Dish-Stirling, and Fresnel systems

The rapid increase in global energy demand, the finite nature of fossil fuel resources, and the onset of climate instability have collectively accelerated the development of renewable energy technologies and rendered the transition to these alternatives inevitable. In this context, Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) systems have emerged as a compelling alternative technology by offering thermal energy storage capabilities and the potential for uninterrupted electricity generation. The effectiveness of these systems extends beyond the high temperatures achieved through solar concentration; thanks to their energy storage capabilities and operational flexibility, CSP technologies are increasingly able to compete with fossil-fuel-based power plants. CSP systems can generate electricity during daylight hours and, through integrated thermal storage units, continue to supply power at night or under suboptimal solar conditions. These features enhance energy security and contribute significantly to decarbonization targets in power generation. This review comprehensively examines various CSP technologies, including power tower systems, parabolic trough collectors, dish-Stirling engines, and linear Fresnel reflectors. The fundamental working principles, thermal energy storage methods, and efficiency levels of each system are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the advantages and limitations of each CSP technology are evaluated. In conclusion, with advancements in heat transfer fluids, optical tracking systems, and AI-assisted control technologies, CSP systems are projected to play a strategic role in large-scale renewable energy production and become a reliable source of baseload power in the future.