Electrochemical Characteristics of Microbial Fuel Cells Using Activated Sludge under External-Load Conditions

We prepared single-chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with activated sludge and studied their characteristics under external-load connection. The results indicate that external-load connection enhances electrode reactivity in MFCs, contributing to improved chemical oxygen demand removal rates and power output. The reductions in Rct and Zw indicate the promotion of electron-transfer biofilm formation. However, the low coulombic efficiency highlights the need for improved pH control and reduced charge loss.