Perceptions, barriers, and facilitators of outdoor physical activity among Muslim women living in Germany

Abstract Background Outdoor physical activity (PA) provides numerous health and social benefits, yet Muslim women often report low participation rates. While previous studies have explored factors influencing Muslim women’s PA, comprehensive research specifically examining outdoor PA remains limited. This study explores the perceptions, barriers, and facilitators of outdoor PA among Muslim women living in Germany. Methods A qualitative study was conducted using semi-structured interviews with 12 Muslim women aged 23 to 48 years living in Germany. Interviews explored participants’ understanding of outdoor PA, attitudes, childhood experiences, perceived barriers and facilitators, and recommendations for program development. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis, informed by intersectionality, Bourdieu’s theoretical concepts, and social cognitive theory. Results Participants generally viewed outdoor PA positively, defining it as exercise in urban green spaces or nature-based settings, often integrated with social activities. Childhood experiences shaped later engagement and confidence. Barriers included limited prior experience, practical constraints such as time and caregiving responsibilities, lack of companions or supportive networks, and safety or environmental concerns. Facilitators included skill development, group-based participation, social support, and access to functional amenities and culturally appropriate resources. Recommendations emphasized participatory planning, inclusive representation, and skill-building. Conclusion Participation in outdoor PA is shaped by the interaction of life-course experiences, social conditions, and structural constraints rather than religious practice alone. While some challenges relate to visible religious identity, many are shared more broadly among women. Interventions that combine participatory design, gradual skill development, and safe, inclusive environments may enhance engagement and reduce disparities in outdoor PA access.