Linum usitatissimum (Flax Seed) mediated Copper Oxide Nanoparticles synthesis, characterization and its biological studies

An aqueous extract of Linum usitatissimum (flax seeds) was used to synthesize Copper Oxide NanoParticles (CuO NPs) utilizing the strategy of green synthesis. UV–visible spectroscopy exhibited a broad absorption band in the range of 250–350 nm, which preliminarily suggests the production of CuO NPs. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis identified functional groups, which are crucial in organic reduction and NPs stabilization. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the nanocrystalline nature of the synthesized CuO NPs, with an average crystallite size of approximately 26 nm. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) analysis showed agglomerated nanoparticle structures, while Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) revealed the presence of copper and oxygen as the major elemental constituents, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) further confirmed the synthesized CuO NPs. At concentrations of 500 and 1000 μ g , the produced CuO NPs had moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, with inhibition zones in the 7–13 mm range. However, no activity was observed against Escherichia coli. By inhibiting both α -glucosidase and α -amylase enzymes in a concentration-dependent manner, the produced nanoparticles also showed encouraging antidiabetic action. At 100 μ g / mL , the highest inhibition of α -glucosidase and α -amylase was 56.16% and 61.52%, respectively. In comparison to the typical medication acarbose, the IC50 values were found to be 76 . 31 μ g / mL and 45 . 81 μ g / mL , respectively. These findings suggest that flax seed-mediated green synthesis provides an environmentally friendly approach for the CuO NPs preparation with potential biological activity.