Identifying 3D Printing and Assistive Technology Needs of Rehabilitation Stakeholders

Despite growing interest in three-dimensional (3D) printing for assistive technology (AT), limited research has examined how rehabilitation stakeholders perceive its role within service delivery. This study explored the perspectives of clients who use AT, their care partners, and rehabilitation clinicians to identify perceived affordances and barriers of 3D-printed AT. A qualitative design using purposive sampling targeted individuals with prior exposure to 3D printing. Four in-person focus groups (n = 17) were conducted with nine clinicians, seven clients, and one care partner. One additional semi-structured interview was conducted with a care partner. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: (1) AT adapts to meet individual needs but encounters practical challenges; (2) 3D printing is an evolving and practical solution to enhance AT access; and (3) education and support are essential to optimize 3D printing service delivery. 3D printing is a feasible complement to traditional AT service delivery when integrated within collaborative, client-centered rehabilitation models. Addressing gaps in education, durability, and structured follow-up processes may enhance the adoption and long-term effectiveness of 3D-printed AT.