Assessment of knowledge, awareness, perceptions, and attitudes toward breast reconstruction practice among medical students in Jordan: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Breast reconstruction (BR) following mastectomy is one component of comprehensive breast cancer care; however, its educational emphasis, accessibility, and cultural context vary across health systems, particularly in middle-income countries. Understanding how future physicians perceive BR within the local epidemiologic and health-system landscape is necessary to guide proportionate and culturally responsive medical education. This study assessed knowledge, awareness, perceptions, and attitudes toward BR among Jordanian medical students, with the aim of identifying educational gaps and barriers to practice. METHODS: A national cross-sectional study was conducted among clinical-year medical students (years 4-6) from six Jordanian universities using a validated, self-administered questionnaire. A validated, self-administered questionnaire was distributed electronically via institutional mailing lists and verified student communication platforms. The survey was developed following expert review and piloting for clarity and cultural appropriateness. Data were analyzed descriptively to evaluate students' educational exposure, knowledge, confidence, and perceptions regarding BR. RESULTS: Of 391 respondents, 69.6% were female and all universities were represented. While 79% reported prior teaching on breast cancer, only 21% attended lectures specifically on BR, and 20.2% observed a procedure. Most rated their knowledge as basic (58.8%), with only 1.3% reporting advanced knowledge. Confidence in counseling patients was limited, with 7.2% feeling very confident. Awareness of key aspects varied: 42.2% recognized both immediate and delayed reconstruction, 55% knew both implant and autologous options, and 57.3% were unsure about insurance coverage. Reported barriers included financial cost (85.2%), lack of awareness (68.3%), and cultural or religious sensitivity (> 60%). Despite this, 88.7% agreed BR improves quality of life, and 75.7% supported greater curricular emphasis, with 68.3% seeking additional training. CONCLUSION: Jordanian medical students demonstrate supportive attitudes toward BR but significant educational and systemic gaps remain. Strengthening BR education and addressing cultural and financial barriers are essential to empower future physicians in promoting patient-centered cancer care.