Assessing graduate employability: A study of biochemistry and pharmacy alumni in Ecuador

Graduate employability is a key indicator of higher-education performance and labor-market alignment. This study analyzed the employability outcomes of Biochemistry and Pharmacy graduates from the Technical University of Machala (UTMACH), Ecuador, focusing on the 2021 and 2023 cohorts. A quantitative survey approach was used, and survey response patterns were interpreted to provide additional context for employment outcomes. Results showed that the employment rate increased from 47.5% (2021) to 64.1% (2023), consistent with post-pandemic labor-market recovery observed during the study period. The private sector remained the dominant employer (≈85%), while average salaries were concentrated between USD 400–800, indicating limited wage progression. Application of professional knowledge rose from 37.9 to 56%, and overall job satisfaction improved slightly (mean = 2.9 → 3.0). Improvements in employment rates were accompanied by shorter job-search periods, greater application of professional knowledge, and modest gains in job satisfaction across cohorts. Descriptive analysis of response patterns highlights persistent barriers such as limited work experience, sectoral concentration, and scarce entrepreneurial opportunities. The findings underscore the need to strengthen university–industry linkages and promote professional diversification.