Bioactive components in goat milk and their role in promoting metabolic health

Goat milk has gained great interest in recent years due to its distinct nutritional composition and therapeutic potential, particularly when compared to cow and buffalo milk. It is rich in bioactive components that help modulate lipid metabolism and improve metabolic health, including Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) and type 2 diabetes. Goat milk is often recognized for its superior digestibility and health-promoting properties. However, comprehensive studies comparing its effects across diverse populations and health conditions remain limited. Further gaps exist in the understanding of how different milk processing methods, such as pasteurization and fermentation, influence the bioavailability and functionality of its bioactive compounds. This review addresses these limitations by consolidating available evidence and highlighting the need for well-structured clinical trials and advanced molecular studies to uncover the mechanisms underlying goat milk’s therapeutic effects. Emerging research also suggests that goat milk’s unique lipid composition may help to manage MAFLD by reducing inflammation and improving lipid regulation. Beyond liver health, goat milk’s potential as a nutraceutical is gaining attention, with studies indicating therapeutic roles in anti-allergic, cardiovascular health, hypertension, and oxidative stress. As goat milk stands out as a therapeutic dietary option for managing metabolic disorders, the demand for goat milk-based nutraceuticals and functional foods has increased significantly. Their development offers new opportunities for innovation in the health and wellness sectors.