Professionalising waste collection: Exploring a unique model of Haritha Karma Sena women, Kerala

As many developing countries struggle to manage waste effectively and lack the resources to mechanise collection systems, there is a pressing need to identify and adopt successful interim models until adequate mechanisation becomes feasible. Haritha Karma Sena (HKS) in Kerala, one of the states in India, is a decentralised initiative responsible for door-to-door waste collection. The work of HKS women is unique and distinct from both conventional waste collection and the activities of waste pickers. According to the Kerala government's 2024 report and field data, monthly HKS women collect approximately 4000 to 6000 tonnes of plastic and other waste from various panchayats and municipal areas across 14 districts. Semi-structured interviews with 117 HKS women revealed that most participants reported feeling satisfied and empowered in their work. Drawing on Nussbaum's affiliation principle, the research demonstrated how the structuring of waste collection, together with administrative support, empowered HKS women, enhanced their social respect, public acceptance, and dignity, and led to the recognition of their rights and to their inclusion as valued members of society, and improved the environment. However, apart from other challenges, such as socio-cultural, political, financial, infrastructural, and logistic factors, occupational health and safety issues constitute a critical concern, with the job entailing considerable risks and workers frequently lacking adequate health insurance, an issue that must be addressed to strengthen and improve the model.