Synergistic impact of hybrid metal-oxide based nanoparticles added waste-derived duck fatbiodiesel-diesel blends on CI engine behaviors

Abstract Animal-derived waste streams, specifically lipids and osseous tissues, represent a highly viable feedstock for biodiesel production. This approach improves biodiesel yield and provides a sustainable method for managing the animal by-products. In this experimental research, the engine characteristics, including the combustion, performance, and emission analysis, were carried out with biodiesel derived from duck meat derived waste (DMW). The DMW biodiesel has a higher cetane number and higher fatty acid content as compared to the diesel fuel and is derived through a transesterification process. It was blended with conventional diesel fuel at a volumetric ratio of diesel 80% and biodiesel 20% (DMWB20). Furthermore, titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and cerium dioxide (CeO 2 ) nanoparticles were added to the test fuels to enhance their properties in a separate and hybrid way. In the results, it is seen that particularly DMWB20/hybrid blend provides the smoother combustion profiles with an HRR of 55.9 J CA −1 , which indicates the moderated combustion intensity, and superior engine performance parameters, achieving a higher BTE (32.1%). On the other hand, the nanoparticle addition results in a reduction in the exhaust emissions. DMWB20/hybrid blend at full load achieved 36%, and 17% reduction in CO, and NO X emissions compared to DMWB20, respectively. These enhancements not only improve engine efficiency but also contribute to environmental sustainability. Therefore, DMW biodiesel with hybrid nanoparticle conditions stands out as a promising, eco-friendly alternative fuel option.